Sunday, January 26, 2020
Swot And Marketing Analysis Of Philip Morris International Marketing Essay
Swot And Marketing Analysis Of Philip Morris International Marketing Essay SWOT analysis helps one to fine out the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization or a company. Strength and weakness are internal to organization whereas opportunities and threats are external. Strength and weakness both related to internal environment of organizations but opportunities and threats are the outsiders and can be evaluated using PESTLE analysis. The followings are the Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Philip Morris International. Strengths: Strong finance: The Company has a base of strong financial situation. According to its corporate website, its operating income in 2008 was $10,284 million, and its net earnings were 6,890. There was an increase as the same for the year 2007 was $8,894 and 6,038 respectively. Well established Brands: The Company produces famous brands like Marlboro, LM, Chesterfield, Philip Morris, Parliament and Virginia Slims. When the product establishes itself as a brand there is a less need of spending money on its promotion. Strong manpower and employees: The Company boasts of more than 75,000 employees throughout the globe from different culture and ethnicity. With the variety in their workforce there is a variety of ideas and concepts, which can be beneficial for the survival in the global environment. Strong Management team: the company under the chairmanship of Mr. Louis C. Camillieri has a strong and efficient management team. David Bernick , a senior Vice president and General counsel is university of Chicago, law graduate, Andrà © Calantzopoulos , chief operating officer ,Kevin Click, chief information officer and Doug Dean, research and development make the strong management team of the company. Leading Markets: The Company boasts of leading 11 markets out of the top 30 international markets. That is equivalent to occupying 33% of total top market shares. This is one of the strength of the company. These are the basic strengths of the company, a strong financial condition with plummeting profits, well established brand names of the product, skilled, well trained and diverse work force, a strong leading management team and the huge share in top international markets. Weaknesses: As far as a weakness of the company is concerned the litigations seem to be the only weakness. Government policy on the promotion and sale of tobacco related product stops the company from aggressive marketing and promotion of its products. It is the weakness of the company. Opportunity: Increasing tobacco market: Although anti tobacco activists are raising their voices against the production and distribution of tobacco, the tobacco market is still lucrative. It raises billions of pounds as revenue to the government as well as the producers. Advantage of globalization: Globalization offers the company an opportunity to take an advantage of cheap labour cost and cheap production cost offered by third world countries. Factories established in China, Nepal offers the company cheap production of its products hence huge profits. Mergers and collaborations: The Company tied its knot with Altria and it recently announced its partnership with fortune Tobacco Corporation. These kinds of mergers and collaboration offer the company an opportunity to expand its market share. Threats: Anti Tobacco activists: The Company has remained a most controversial company because anti tobacco activists have always criticized the tobacco company for being responsible to the death resulting from smoking. For example, activists in Philippines raised their voices against the merger of fortune Tobacco Corporation with Philip Morris. They have feared this merger can draw more smokers in Philippines. (http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/business/02/25/10/anti-tobacco-group-expects-intensified-marketing-philip-morris-deal 25/03/2010) Government legislations: The governments rule of banning the sales of tobacco related products to people below certain age limits and other rules related to smoking ban on public places can reduce the sales of tobacco. For example research in UK shows that number of smokers has reduced after smoking ban in public places and after the age limit for the sale of tobacco has been set. Public Awareness: People are more aware about the consequences of tobacco consumption because of the advertisement of anti tobacco activists. This has resulted in the reduction of sales in many markets. Strength and weaknesses are considered as internal factors whereas opportunities and threats are considered as External factors. Basically strengths and weaknesses of an organization are related to people, resources, innovation and ideas, marketing, operation and finance, whereas opportunities and threat are associated to the factors that organizations find hard to control sometimes. They are political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental environment in which the organization exists. Now lets examine the external factors of Philip Morris International. Political environment: (http://www.executivehm.com/media/media-news/infographics/091117-EHM-Smoking.png, on 25th April 2010) The details above show that by the year 2009 there are 44 countries with active smoking ban. The data also shows that more than 1 billion people are protected by smoke free laws. These laws mean reduction of sales for the company. The company can either promote its products in these markets or have their sales restricted by severe laws. For example, they do not allow people below 18 to buy cigarettes in England and Wales. They have increased the age limit from 16 1st of October 2007. Politicians are always trying to seek public favour and by introducing laws like smoking ban and binge drinking ban or increasing tax for products like these they are trying to catch public sentiment. These kind of political activities are although favourable to general public, they are not at all favourable for a company like Philip Morris, whose revenues are based on the sales of its tobacco related products. Economical: There is not much difference to Philip Morris International due to the recession. Its profits did not plummet heavily even though the world was hit by economic downturn. Following table show its financial data. (in millions of dollars except per share data)      2009       2008 % Change Net revenues  $62,080       $63,640       (2.5)% Cost of sales      9,022           9,328        (3.3)  Excise taxes on products   37,045          37,935       (2.3) Gross profit   16,013         16,377       (2.2) Operating income   10,040         10,248       ( 2.0) Net earnings     6,342          6,890      (8.0) Basic earnings per share        3.25            3.32      (2.1) Diluted earnings per share Source: Philip Morris Webpage Sociological: Being criticized as a main contributor of smoking related deaths in the World, Philip Morris International has to do a lot to cope up with the sociological issues. Therefore their social responsibility activities are directed to these five areas of society, extreme poverty and hunger, environmental sustainability and living conditions in rural communities, domestic violence, and disaster relief. The company has spent billions of pounds for charity purpose to restore its tarnished image. Legal: Philip Morris had to suffer heavy loss due to several legal proceeding that it had to go through as people blamed of killing people. It has a history of being sued by people, distributors or companies. For example, 16 wholesalers filed legal action in a federal court in Tennessee claiming that Philip Morriss wholesale leaders program 2003 constitutes price discrimination and attempts to monopolize. (Financial Times of London, 8th July 2003.) To cope up with these kinds of legal issues, the company has its own legal department that deals with all the legal issues associated with the company. Environmental: Environment is a hot topic in present day world. The problem of thinning of ozone layer or the global warming draws the attention of each and every organization. Most of the organizations have designed their social responsibility programme associating themselves with the environmental issues. Philip Morris international too has done the same. They have set up performance goals for their energy use, water use, and waste water discharge, waste to be sent to landfills and waste to be recycled. The following table show their goals. Source: Philip Morris website can be accessed at http://www.pmusa.com/en/cms/Responsibility/Reducing/Reducing_Our_Environmental_Impact/default.aspx, on 26th March 2010. Competitive analysis using Porters 5 Forces model. Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School developed a framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development. According to him an attractive industry has all the forces he has developed works for the overall profitability of the industry. The five forces of Porter are, Competitive rivalry Threat of substitute products Threat of new entrants Bargaining power of customers Bargaining power of suppliers In case of Philip Morris, he too has competitive rivalry. He occupies 15.6 percent of the total market share. The rest is occupied by his competitors. It is for the same reason, Philip Morris is focussed on promoting new products. To beat its competitors, it has developed a strong social responsibility plan along with modification of its products. The launch of smoke free cigarettes can be considered as a product of competitive rivalry. Threat of substitute products: Philip Morris is quite free from the threat of substitute products. It has always maintained the standard of its products and priced them reasonably. This has lessened the chances of acceptance for the substitute products that are available in the market. Threat of new entrants: Philip Morris is famous for its cigarettes. No one in the world is unaware about Marlboro. It is a reputed brand name in the field of tobacco industry. But a reputed brand gives Philip Morris an advantage. It is almost free from the threat of new entrants. The reason for this is, cigarette smokers have a strong loyalty to their brands. So, although there is a constant arrival of new products, they do not affect the market share of Philip Morris as it has endorsed its product with heavy promotions and established all of its products as a Brand. Bargaining power of the customer: Bargaining power of the customer does not seem to affect the company. The reason behind it is, the perceived value of Philip Morris products is quite high because they are heavily promoted through media. They have a brand image and are free from the bargaining power of the customer. Moreover most of the customers of tobacco trade are loyal to the products they are used to, and are ready to pay whatever amount of money they are asked to pay. So Bargaining power of the customers doesnt seem to affect the company. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Bargaining power of supplier affects every company. Philip Morris too is affected by it as it follows strict rules concerned with Fair trade. Moreover it has launched special benefit package to its suppliers. It helps the children of its tobacco supplier with education facilities and other general benefits. It is doing this just to reduce the effects of bargaining power of its supplier. Conclusions: Whatever progress the company made is not just a coincidence. The company did not lose much of its profits even in the economic downturn. The reason behind this can be summarised as the proper knowledge of the strength and weaknesses of the company and summoning all pertaining questions related to its external environment. Its commitment to follow all legal requirements of the government, introducing chewable tobacco instead of smoking ones, commitment to environmental conservations and billions of pounds spent on charitable purposes are activities to keep the external environment favourable for the company. Task 2 Phillip Morris and global political change: Any multinational company that has operations throughout the world has to acclimatize themselves with the political scenario of the concerned country. Politics is stable only in few countries that too limited to the few developed countries. Moreover, as Philip Morris is concerned with producing tobacco related products, it is affected by any kind of political change that occurs in the country. By global political change we understand the political changes that occurred in the world. For example, the First World War, when ended in 1919 brought a lot of changes in the world. Similarly the end of Second World War too brought a lot of changes. One of the biggest changes was the start of cold war between the USA and the Soviet Union. The cold war divided the world into two halves, the capitalists and the socialists. Socialists denied the products of capitalist world to enter their countries, whereas the same thing applied to the capitalists world. Philip Morris thus could not expand his business to Russia and other socialist countries until the cold war was about to end. Philip Morris was able to penetrate the Russian market in 1977 when the socialist country was about to accept some change. Similarly, global terrorism has also affected the policy and decision making of the company as tobacco can be smuggled to developed countries where they have higher prices from the least developed or developing countries. It is said that terrorist have sometimes made tobacco as one of the source of funding to backup their activities. Philip Morris thus has set strict restrictions so as it products are not smuggled. Moreover its factories located in different part of the world restrict its products from being smuggled as they have their own identification number on them. Recession that recently occurred in the world can be the after-effects of the political upheavals in the world. Or economic activities and political change have interdependence. So recession in a way can be seen as an effect of wrong political decisions in terms of economic activities. Philip Morris dealt with it quite perfectly. According to statistics, ongoing earnings of Philip Morris rose by 11% as it coaxed solid grains in its food business and continued to find new market for its cigarette. (http://www.thestreet.com/storycomments/10007704/1/philip-morris-ignores-recession.html, on 27th March 2010) Question that present days political leaders are raising is the phenomenon of climate change. Global warming is a big problem and politicians throughout the world are trying to solve it out through joint efforts. All the countries are imposing their own kind of rules and regulations to reduce carbon emission and help in the reduction of global warming. Philip Morris can help in the reduction of carbon emission by investing in third world developing countries for example in the generation of electricity, or other sources of energy which can reduce deforestation and emission of carbon dioxide in the air.
Saturday, January 18, 2020
CEO of Ventura Electronics Essay
Financial statement analysis is done by every successful corporation, as your team at Ventura Electronics very well knows. â€Å"Comparisons within a company are often useful to detect changes in financial relationships and significant trends†(Kimmel, Weygandt, and Keiso p. 653). Financial statement analysis is done by horizontal analysis, vertical analysis, and ratio analysis. â€Å"Horizontal analysis, also known as trend analysis, is a technique for evaluating a series of financial statement data over a period of time (Kimmel, Weygandt, and Keiso p. 54). If Ventura Electronics is interested in determining any increase or decrease in, for example, net sales (as an amount or percentage) than horizontal analysis are appropriate. Vertical analysis analyzes more specific data on the financial statement. â€Å"Vertical analysis, also called common-size analysis, is a technique for evaluating financial statement data that expresses each item in a financial statement as a percen t of a base amount†(Kimmel, Weygandt, and Keiso p. 656). Ventura Electronics can not only analyze the relative size of each category on the financial statement, but can also see the percentage change in the individual asset, liability, and stockholders’ equity. Ventura Electronic can also use this analysis when comparing its financial statements to the competition. The last tool commonly used for financial statement analysis is ratio analysis. These ratios are useful in evaluating the financial health and performance of a company. In ratio analysis we use three different ratios; liquidity ratios, solvency ratios, and profitability ratios. Liquidity ratios are important because it evaluates the short-term ability of a business to pay their obligations as well as meet their unexpected cash flow needs. When Ventura Electronics wants to measure the ability of the company to survive over a long period of time then solvency ratios are appropriate. Profitability ratios evaluate the income of the business or their operating success over a given period of time. Ventura Electronics would find this ratio very important in analyzing the company’s income and to evaluate the ability for the business to obtain debt and equity financing, its liquidity position, and its ability to grow. As CEO, this ratio would be useful when determining the managements operating effectiveness. It is very important for Ventura Electronics to provide â€Å"full and transparent information that will not confuse or mislead users of the financial statements†(Kimmel, Weygandt, and Keiso p. 61) this is called quality of earnings. When Ventura Electronics performs a financial statement analysis to evaluate the financial performance of the company using the methods above, it is important to maintain a high quality of earnings. Factors that affect quality of earnings are; alternative accounting methods, pro forma income, improper recognition, and price-earnings ratio. Though financial statement analysis is important for Ventura Electronics, it also has its limitations The limitation of financial statement analysis occurs with ratio analysis. Though this analysis is very useful to the company in analyzing internal factors, Ventura Electronics cannot compare ratios to their competitors accurately. Differences in accounting methods limit ratio analysis in comparing companies. As the CEO you understand the importance of knowing where the company stands as compared to its competitors. Ratio analysis also limits Ventura Electronics to analyze the definite future of the organization. They do not account for industry trends, technological changes, changes in consumer tastes, changes in broad economic factors, and changes within the firm itself. Though ratio analysis has its limitations; horizontal and vertical analysis makes up for these limitations. So as you can see, if the methods for financial statement analysis listed above are used, Ventura Electronics can receive a great knowledge and insight into how successful the company is and could be and make proper decisions based off these evaluations.
Friday, January 10, 2020
My Ideal Partner Essay
There are many things I look for in a relationship and in a partner, loyalty and respect being at the top. A relationship is based completely on loyalty and the trust that you must have in your partner. I would never want my partner to make me feel like I was a second choice or not good enough for them, just as much as I would not want my partner to feel that way. Loyalty is about support and allegiance, my partner needs to support my decisions and my goals one-hundred percent. Respect is to admire your partner’’s abilities and achievements and to never put them down. A relationship is two sided and must stay balanced for it to be healthy and functioning. I plan on working at a job I love and being very successful when I grow up, I hope the same for my husband. If my husband were more successful than me it wouldn’t bother me in the slightest and if it were the opposite I would not want a partner that felt threatened or second best. I could not be with someone that didn’t aspire to achieve great things in life. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is also very important that is why I want a partner that motivates me to stay fit and to eat healthy. I do not want a husband that is lazy and content with whatever is given to him. We will strive together to be active and be able to live a long and happy life. Being fit is important to me because I love to travel and to explore and go on adventures, I need a partner that also enjoys these things. Wanting to travel to many different countries and explore new things is something my ideal partner would definitely need to be interested in. I want kids and my partner must too. Couples often get into serious relationships without knowing what the other person might want in the future. My ideal partner would want to live the same life that I do. That is why it is important that I marry someone that is interested in having at least two kids, I want to be able to start a family of my own. Finally my partner must be attractive. Although physical attraction is not what to base a relationship on it, it can’t hurt. Having an attractive partner can only be beneficial, it can boost confidence and make you more compelled to enjoy the time you spend together. I would like to marry someone that I enjoy looking at everyday. I want my husband to be tall and to be muscular, who could argue that? Ha. In conclusion my ideal partner would be a combination of many different qualities. It is someone that I can trust and feel I can confide anything to. It is someone that respects me, and my aspirations. It is someone that wants to travel the world and see new things. It is someone that wants kids and to have a family. It is someone that is physically attractive and fit. My ideal partner will treat me as his equal.
Thursday, January 2, 2020
The company of Boeing - Free Essay Example
Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 310 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/09/17 Category Technology Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? In late 2003, the company of Boeing was the worst of its life. However, it was changed some market demand and solved the technology issues, then slowing to improve. According to the case study (Boeing), the six-box organisational model provides a framework that succinctly identifies the key factors at the centre of the Boeing situation. 1. Strategy – was to update their technology systems, downsize their operations, and re-establish relationships with their suppliers and the only feasible way costs could be cut. . Structure – the problem of 1994 airbus which shocked the management executives and began a series of changes that were implemented to overcome the bureaucratic structure, outdated technological systems, and unnecessary processes in a company that had reportedly changed. 3. Systems – Boeing adopted the principles of lean manufacturing and aimed to rejuvenate their reputation by making their production more efficient. The object of the project was to implement an automated system of assembly lines. 4. Style – the decision was made to diversify from the traditional commercial airline industry and the many acquisitions that were made created integration issues for the company. The aim again was to add more stability to the business by diversifying into information services and the space industry that providing services with elevated margins that would reflect on Boeing’s bottom line. 5. Staff – according to the CEO of Airbus Noel Forgeard, the process of diversification was ‘extremely demoralizing for Boeing employees,’ but Boeing’s vice president of marketing, Randy Baseler, claimed that ‘what affects morale right now is that we are in a down cycle. ’ Regardless of the reasoning behind it, Boeing’s employee morale was at a low and this issue needed to be addressed. 6. Skills – Boeing has bet its future on the market developing a partiality for smaller a ircraft, like their new 7E7. Airbus. On the other hand, the projects will the airlines to purchase larger aircrafts in the future. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The company of Boeing" essay for you Create order
Wednesday, December 25, 2019
Howard Husock s Turning Food Deserts Into Oases Why...
Howard Husock’s report â€Å"Turning Food Deserts into Oases – Why New York’s Public Housing Should Encourage Commercial Development†was published by the Manhattan Institute and selected for this reaction paper. The report tells us about the incentives offered in New York City (NYC) to provide access to fresh food for an affordable price in low-income neighborhoods. Husock also discusses the shortage of supermarkets in NYC, New York City Housing Authority’s (NYCHA’s) historical anti-commercial bias, NYCHA’s food deserts, changing NYCHA food deserts into oases, and the commercial rent revenue NYCHA could make from commercial development on NYCHA property. According to the report, tax, financial, and zoning incentives have been offered to attract supermarkets to low-income areas since 2009 via a program called FRESH – Food Retail Expansion to Support Health. The FRESH program was established after a 2008 report â€Å"Going to Market: New York City’s Neighborhood Grocery Store and Supermarket Shortage†confirmed that there was a shortage of supermarkets in NYC mostly because there is no space available to build and low-income neighborhoods, where many NYCHA properties are, is where supermarkets are needed the most. Also, zoning prohibit stores larger than 10,000 feet from being built without special permits and public review. For perspective, the definition of a supermarket shortage is helpful and is when there is less than 3 square feet of supermarket floor space per capita. The
Tuesday, December 17, 2019
Shale Gas An Exploration Depth Analysis - 2690 Words
Shale Gas: An In Depth Analysis TEJERA, STEPHANIE EVR3010 2077687 Top to bottom: One of the many plants in existence extracting shale oil, and the other of the shale reserves in the United States presented in a map, and are from www.metallirari.com and www.fracfocus.org. Index of Contents Title page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 Index of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...2 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦3 Synopsis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Causes of Environmental Effects†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦.5 - 6 Occurrence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦....7 Social and Economic Impacts†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....8 Personal Suggestions for Preservation and Recovery of the Environment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9†¦show more content†¦It is the same drilling we have done over the course of history and still to this date that has affected the environment. Petroleum and natural gas have been used for over 5000 years, in all parts of the world, and currently its use is steadily growing, causing new effects on our planet. Although there is an abundant amount of oil and gas within the core of our planet beneath major sources of water, eventually they will become scarce and overused, causing us to search for other means in other geographical territories, including on land. The more we discover about these sources of energy the better we understand them and eventually the more efficient we can be at conserving them (Estefani, 2013). As aforementioned, throughout history there have been many sources of fuel that have propelled man. Instead of choosing one and eventually letting it run its course after excessive use, we have exhausted all efforts trying to find other sources for use to help power the busy lives of our race. One such natural gas is shale oil. Shale gas is actually the refined version of shale oil. Shale oil, or marlstone, forms from the deposits of macrobiotic matter mixing with the sedimentary materials on the foundation of lakes at depths of about 3000 feet over a period of millions of years. Along with the plants and animals that die off and fall to the
Sunday, December 8, 2019
Politics And Panama Canal Essay Example For Students
Politics And Panama Canal Essay During the Spanish-American War the warship Oregon was summoned from the WestCoast. The trip took two months to travel 14,000 miles around Cape Horn to theAtlantic. (The American Journey 741) How was the United States supposed todefend it shores if it took ships that long to get between them? The UnitedState had to build a canal through Central America; national security dependedon it. The Politics of the Panama Canal are confusing. This confusion includesthe building, the economics and the operation of this facility. The canal, beganin 1881 and finished in 1914(Dolan 55), has caused one country to fail, anotherto triumph, and another to gain its independence. There was a need for a canalthrough the isthmus of Central America. The big question was who would step upand build it. France had just lost the Franco-Prussian War against Germany. Thecountry felt that it had lost some prestige in eyes of other nations. Thereseemed only one certain way to restore its glory, undertake and compl ete themost challenging engineering feat in history. Build a canal through CentralAmerica and link the worlds two greatest oceans. (Dolan 53) The French chosePanama to build its canal because it was far narrower than Nicaragua, itscloset competitor. They obtained permission from Columbia to lay the waterway. (Dolan 53) A private company was founded in 1879 to raise the needed capital toundertake the construction. Appointed president of the company was Ferdind deLesseps, who had guided the construction of the Suez Canal. (Panama) The Frenchabandoned the project in 1889, due to a lack of funding. (Dolan 59) Now it wastime for the Americans to get involved. But there was one problem; they hadsigned a treaty with Great Britain that said, if one or the other decided tobuild a canal then the two countries would work together. This treaty was calledthe Clayton Bulwer Treaty. In 1901 the treaty was replaced with the Hay-Pauncefotetreaty. It called for Great Britain to give the United States the right to actindependently in the development of an Atlantic Pacific waterway. Why did theBritish agree to the treaty? They were tied up in the Boer War in South Africaand didnt want to split the bill on a canal? (Dolan 63) Now congress had todecide on where to dig the canal. The two main choices were Pana ma andNicaragua. Just days before the vote on the canal site, Philipee Benau-Varillaobtained ninety Nicaragua stamps that pictured a railroad dock with an activevolcano in the background, and sent them to all of the senators with a message:An official witness of the volcanic activity in Nicaragua. (Mcneese 78) Didit work? Panama got the go ahead. The United States now to get permission fromColumbia to dig in Panama. In 1902, John Hay, the U.S. Secretary of State begannegotiate with the Colombian government. An agreement was finally reached inJanuary 1903 in the signing of the Hay-Banau-Varilla Treaty, which granted theUnited States a strip of land 6 miles wide along the general route laid out byde Lesspes. The U.S. had the right to administer and police this zone. In returnthey would pay the Colombian government $10 million, and after nine years ofoperation Columbia would get an annual fee of $250,000. (Dolan 63) The treatyhad to be ratified in both the U.S. and Columbia before it c ould take affect. The U.S. gave its approval in March 1903, but the Colombian Congress said therewas not enough money for the right to dig in Panama. They wanted an additional$5 million from the Americans. They also objected to many of the points on theadministration of what was now known as the Canal Zone. (Dolan 64) When theColumbian Government refused to ratify the treaty, Panama revolted because theyfeared the United States would build through Nicaragua. After they declaredtheir independence from Columbia, President Theodore Roosevelt ensured thesuccess of the revolt when he ordered a U.S. warship to prevent Colombian troopsfrom entering the isthmus. (Panama) Now Panama had its independence and the U.S. The Effects of Music Therapy on Mentally Handicapp Essaycontrol over the zone. The question of sovereignty over the canal aroused deeppassions, which came to boil in 1964 with massive rioting by Panamanians, aresponse to U.S. troops, bloodshed on both sides. In the aftermath, PresidentLydon Johnson agreed to renegotiate the treaty related to the Panama Canal. (Conaway) In 1977 United States and Panama agreed on a new treaty. The mostsignificant agreement was the transferring of ownership of the canal to Panamato take the place on December 31, 1999. Also they agreed to cooperate in thedefense of the canal. The annual payment was upped to $ 10 million and was to bepaid from the canals revenue, plus a payment of 30 cents for each ton ofshipping. And when Panama took control of the canal it was free to employAmericans. (Dolan 128) Also included in the treaty was a neutrality clause. Thecanal is to remain open to merchant vessels of all nations indefinitely, withoutdiscriminations as to conditions or tolls. The clause does not allow the U.S. tointervene in the internal affairs of Panama. It does however give the UnitedStates and Panama the responsibility to insure that the canal remains open. (Crane 81) Though it was rich with symbolic significance the signing ceremony onSeptember 7, 1977, hardly ended the controversy over the treaties. Theratification battle in the U.S. Senate still lay ahead, and it called for theuse of every political tool available to President Carters team. It was abattle won vote by vote, through personal appeals, political accommodations, andoccasionally silly details. Carter recall one senator, a former collegeprofessor, was proud of a book he had written on semantics. Before meeting withhim to try to persuade him to vote for the treaties, Carter read the entire book? which was really boring ? and proved that he had by discussing someof its point with him. He eventually got the senators vote. (SecondDecade) In 1988 the canal became involved in a struggle for power in Panama. Manuel Noreiga had assumed military power over Panama. In response PresidentRonald Reagan decided to ban the annual payments to Panama and freeze Panamasassets in U.S. banks. This cut Noriega revenue by $180 million a year. (Dolan140) Facing a rapidly deteriorating situation, President Bush ordered U.S. troops into Panama on December 20 1989, to protect U.S. citizens, to meet treatyresponsibilities, to defend the canal, and to assist in restoring democracy andbring Noreiga to Justice. The Panamanian democratic opposition formed a newgovernment led by President Guillermd Endum. (Second Decade) Finally Panama wasunder democratic control and had something to look forward to. The turning overof the Panama Canal to Panama. No longer would their economic depend on howanother country wanted to run things. They now will decide how they want to runthe canal. And they will run it as the please because as of December 31, 1999,the day the U.S. turned over the canal, they owned the canal. Finally afterdecades of frustration they were truly free. Politics will undoubtedly have aninfluence in the maintaining, the economics, and the operation of the PanamaCanal in the years to come. They will help the canal expand in the lives of morePanamanians and maybe someday even building of another canal over the Isthmus ofPanama. BibliographyCrane, Phillip F: Surrender in Panama, the Case Against the Treaties. NewYork: Dale Books, 1978 Conaway, Janell. Americas. Jan 1999, 16. NewsBank,Online 1999 Dolan, Edward F.: Panama and the United States, Their Canal, andTheir Stormy Years. New York: Moffy Press Inc., 1990 McCullough, David: The PathBetween the Seas. New York: Simon a Schuster, 1977 McNeese, Tim. The PanamaCanal. San Diego: Lucent Books. Inc, 1997 Panama. The Volume Library. South Western Company, 1994 The Second Decade: Panama at the Canal Treaties. U.S. Department of Dispatch, 1990
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